A Survey of Macrofungal Diversity in Da-Lat, Southern Vietnam

Research Article
Jin Sung Lee1Jae Young Park2Nam Kyu Kim1Truong Binh Nguyen3Minkyeong Kim4Eun Ju Woo4Changmu Kim4*

Abstract

Da-Lat is a hilly area located in southern Vietnam. Macrofungal diversity of Da-Lat was investigated from 2018 to 2019. A total of 468 macrofungal specimens was collected and identified using the modern species concept and taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. Among them, internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of 401 specimens were successfully sequenced and compared with those of related species retrieved from GenBank. In total, 180 specimens were identified at the species level. The sequenced specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 13 orders, 38 families, 93 genera, and 124 species. The remaining 221 specimens (175 species) did not match the species level. This study is the first well-documented taxonomic list of macrofungi collected from southern Vietnam.

Keyword



INTRODUCTION

Vietnam is located on the eastern Indochinese Peninsula between the latitudes 8° and 24°N and the longitudes 102° and 110°E. The higher plant flora of Vietnam has been well studied. However, fungal diversity in Vietnam is poorly understood compared with that of higher plants. Since 1890, macrofungi have been collected by foreign amateur botanists and have been identified by European scholars, such as Patouillard. Many new species have been recently described in this area; however, these species have not been accepted by scientists. In 1998, a list of 829 species was compiled by Kiet [1]. However, the report is simply a checklist and does not describe where the specimens were deposited. In addition, little is known about the sequence data and morphological descriptions of previously recorded species in Vietnam. However, it is estimated that there are many more fungi in Vietnam compared to other countries. Joint research carried out by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Korea, and the Vietnam Environmental Agency to investigate biodiversity including macrofungi in the Da-Lat region of southern Vietnam has been ongoing since 2018. In this study, we introduce the macrofungal flora of the Da-Lat region of southern Vietnam based on the identification of fungi collected between June 2018 and July 2019.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The survey area was located near Da-Lat City, South Vietnam. Da-Lat is the capital of Lam Dong Province, and is located in the Langbian Plateau, at an altitude of 1,400-1,500 m, at the southern tip of the Annam Mountain Range (Fig. 1). The temperature ranges from 18 to 23℃ year-round. Most of the rain falls in July and October and annual rainfall is 1,750 mm [2]. The wide range of plant communities and the richness of higher plants provide a multitude of ecological niches resulting in similarly high macrofungal diversity.

http://dam.zipot.com:8080/sites/ksom/images/N0320480207_image/Figure_KJOM_48_02_07_F1.png

Fig. 1. Map of collection sites in southern Vietnam. Red circles indicate collection area.

The fruiting bodies of macrofungi were collected between June 2018 and July 2019. Regular and planned survey trips were conducted, and information on the collecting sites, habitats, hosts, substrates, and fruiting bodies was noted as field records, and photographs were taken to document the survey. All samples were brought to the laboratory, observed morphologically under the microscope, and then dried on a warm dryer (WiseVen, Daihan Scientific, Wonju, Korea). The dried specimens were deposited in the NIBR herbarium and they were initially identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features according to previously published descriptions [3-10]. A total of 468 specimens were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Microstructures, such as the shape and size of spores, basidia and asci, cystidia, as well as tissue status were examined according to the method of Largent [11] using a Nikon eclipse 80i microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Taxonomic classification of species and associated nomenclature were assigned using the Mycobank database (). Genomic DNA was extracted using the NucleoSpin Plant II kit (Macherey-Nagel Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Internal transcsribed spacer (ITS) and partial nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA regions were amplified using primers specific for ITS5 [12] and LR5 [13] as described by Lee and Jung [14]. DNA sequencing was performed at the DNA Synthesis and Sequencing Facility (Cosmogenetech, Seoul, Korea) using the primers mentioned above. The resulting nucleotide sequences were edited using MEGA7 software [15]. Species identities were confirmed by comparison with reference sequences in the GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) [16]. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis was conducted in PAUP 4.0b10 [17] with the Jukes–Cantor correction. All fungal taxa were enumerated and classified according to current taxonomy using a combination of these morphological and phylogenetic analyses.

RESULTS

The ITS and partial LSU rDNA regions were successfully amplified and sequenced using the polymerase chain reaction. In total, 401 of the 468 specimens collected were successfully sequenced and compared with those of related species retrieved from GenBank. The sequence data of specimens were deposited in NIBR database (http://species.nibr.go.kr). A total of 180 specimens were identified at the species level. The sequenced specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 13 orders, 39 families, and 93 genera. The orders with the most species were Polyporales (35 species), Agaricales (38 species), Boletales (16 species), Russuales (15 species), and Hymenocheatales (9 species). However, the identity of 221 specimens, including Russula spp., Cystidiodontia spp., Mycena spp., and Clavulinopsis spp. was not ensured at the species level, as no sequences from the NCBI database were available or no matches were made for the species when blasted against the GenBank database. These specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 13 orders, 41 families, 80 genera, and 175 species (Table 1).

Table 1. List of macrofungi from southern Vietnam not identified to species level

http://dam.zipot.com:8080/sites/ksom/images/N0320480207_image/Table_KJOM_48_02_07_T1.png

List of macrofungi from southern Vietnam

Ascomycota Caval.-Sm.

Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Helotiales Nannf. ex Korf & Lizon

Helotiaceae Rehm

1. Dicephalospora rufocornea (Berk. & Broome) Spooner, Bibliotheca Mycologica 116: 272 (1987) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503948

Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Hypocreales Lindau

Clavicipitaceae O.E. Erikss.

2. Drechmeria gunnii (Berk.) Spatafora, Kepler & C.A. Quandt, IMA Fungus 6 (2): 358 (2015) ≡ Cordyceps gunnii (Berk.) Berk. (1860) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503773

Xylariales Nannf.

Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul.

3. Xylaria allantoidea (Berk.) Fr., Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Ser. 3, 1:127 (1851) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503939; Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506815

4. Xylaria fraseri M.A. Whalley, Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & Whalley, Mycotaxon 74 (1): 139 (2000) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506809

5. Xylaria penicilliopsis (Henn.) Y.M. Ju, IMA Fungus 7 (1): 141 (2016) = Xylaria moelleroclavus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Hemmes (1997) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503817

6. Xylaria telfairii (Berk.) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 1: 320 (1882) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503925

Basidiomycota Whittaker ex R.T. Moore

Agaricomycetes Doweld

Agaricales Underw.

Agaricaceae Chevall.

7. Nidularia deformis (Wild) Fr., Symb. Gasteromyc. 1: 3 (1817) Specimen examined: Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506814

Amanitaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar

8. Amanita subovalispora Thongbai, Raspé & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (3): 488 (2018) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503879

9. Amanita elliptica Q. Cai, Y.Y. Cui & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 91: 142 (2018) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503883

10. Amanita orientifulva Zhu L. Yang, M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycologia 96 (3): 643 (2004) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503974

11. Amanita parvicurta Y.Y. Cui, Q. Cai & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 91: 112 (2018) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506778; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506780

12. Amanita suborientifulva Raspé, Thongbai, & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (3): 486 (2018) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503940

Clavariaceae Chevall.

13. Clavaria zollingeri Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 155 (1846) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503928

14. Clavaria fumosa Pers., Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) 15: 31 (1795) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503807

Cortinariaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar

15. Cortinarius brunneoviolaceus Bidaud, Atlas des Cortinaires 8: 291 (1996) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503792

Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouzar

16. Clitopilus prunulus(Scop.) P. Kumm., Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: 97 (1871) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503729

Hydnangiaceae Gäum. & C.W. Dodge

17. Laccaria vinaceoavellanea Hongo, Memoirs of Shiga University 21: 62 (1971) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503973

Hygrophoraceae Lotsy J.P.

18. Cantharellus minor Peck, Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History23: 122 (1872) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506790; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506839

Inocybaceae Jülich

19. Inocybe squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido, Bibliotheca Mycologica 120: 177(1988) Specimen examined: Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506828

Lyophyllaceae Jülich

20. Asterophora lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar, Neues Journal für die Botanik 3 (3-4): 56 (1809) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503777

Mycenaceae Overeem

21. Favolaschia manipularis (Berk.) Teng, Zhong Guo De Zhen Jun [Fungi of China]: 760 (1963) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506798

22. Gerronema kuruvens K.P.D. Latha & Manim., Phytotaxa 364 (1): 84 (2018) Specimen examined: Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506818

23. Panellus luminescens Corner, Gardens Bulletin Singapore 39: 132 (1986) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506810

24. Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst., Bidrag till Kännedomav Finlands Naturoch Folk 32: 96(1879) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503971; Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503799.

25. Xeromphalina enigmatica K.W. Hughes & R.H. Petersen, Mycologia 107 (6): 1280 (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503785

Omphalotaceae Bresinsky

26. Gymnopus brassicolens (Romagn.) Antonín & Noordel., Mycotaxon 63: 363 (1997) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503768; Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503770; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506832; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506833

27. Marasmiellus polygrammus (Mont.) J.S. Oliveira, Mycological Progress 18 (5): 735 (2019) ≡ Gymnopus polygrammus (Mont.) J.L. Mata(2003) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503801

Physalacriaceae Corner

28. Cyptotrama glabra Zhu L. Yang &J. Qin, Fungal Biology 120: 518 (2016) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503835; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506821

29. Hymenopellis raphanipes (Berk.) R.H. Petersen, Beiheftezur Nova Hedwigia 137: 213 (2010) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503856; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503901; Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503952

30. Oudemansiella submucida Corner, Gardens Bulletin Singapore 46 (1): 70 (1994) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503926; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506804

31. Xerula sinopudens R.H. Petersen & Nagas., Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 43: 41(2006) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503794

Pleurotaceae Kühner

32. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél., Mémoires de la Sociétéd' Émulation de Montbéliard ser. 2, 5:113 (1872) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503860

Schizophyllaceae Quél.

33. Schizophyllum commune Fr., Systema Mycologicum 1: 330 (1821) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503872; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506791

Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm.

34. Gymnopilus lepidotus Hesler, Mycologia Memoirs 3: 40 (1969) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503908

35. Gymnopilus picreus (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidrag till Kännedomav Finlands Naturoch Folk 32: 400(1879) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503787

36. Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) Maire, Fungi Catalaunici: Contributions à l'étude de la Flore Mycologique de la Catalogne: 96 (1933) ≡ Gymnopiluspenetrans (Fr.) Murrill (1912) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503780

37. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm., Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: 72 (1871) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503944

38. Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm., Mycologia 38: 505 (1946) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503966

39. Pholiota multicingulata E. Horak, Australian Journal of Botany Suppl. 10: 33 (1983) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503923; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506835

40. Protostropharia ovalispora Yen W. Wang & S.S. Tzean, Taiwania 60 (4): 162 (2015) Specimen examined: Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506841

Tricholomataceae R. Heim ex Pouzar

41. Pleurella ardesiaca (G. Stev. & G.M. Taylor) E. Horak, New Zealand Journal of Botany 9: 477(1971) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506802

42. Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis (S.J. Seok et al.) Zhu L. Yang, J. Qin & Har. Takah., Mycologia 106 (5): 1022 (2014) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503927

43. Tricholomopsis decora (Fr.) Singer, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 17: 56 (1939) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503797

44. Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 5: 1124 (1887) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503875

Auriculariales J. Schröt.

Auriculariaceae Fr. ex Lindau

45. Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak, Looney & Sánchez-García, North American Fungi 8 (6):12 (2013) = Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (1885) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503862

46. Elmerina hispida (Imazeki) Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou, Mycologia 105 (5): 1224 (2013) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503924

Boletales E.-J. Gilbert

Boletaceae Chevall.

47. Austroboletus fusisporus (Kawam. ex Imazeki & Hongo) Wolfe, Bibliotheca Mycologica 69:96 (1980) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506822

48. Boletellus indistinctus G. Wu, F. Li & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 61 (2016) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503744; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506795

49. Boletus tylopilopsis B. Feng, Yang Y. Cui, J. P. Xu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 206(2015) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503735

50. Caloboletus yunnanensis Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang, Mycological Progress 13 (4): 1132(2014) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503731; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503743

51. Chiua virens (W.F. Chiu) Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 79 (2016) ≡ Tylopilus virens (W.F. Chiu) F.L. Tai (1979) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503820

52. Lanmaoa asiatica G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, in Wu, Zhao, Li, Zeng, Feng, Halling & Yang, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0322-0, [9] (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503737; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503739; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503749

53. Leccinum rugosiceps (Peck) Singer, Mycologia 37: 799 (1945) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503725; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503755

54. Phylloporus luxiensis M. Zang, Actamicrobiol. sin.: 283 (1978) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503757

55. Rubinoboletus ballouii (Peck) Heinem. & Rammeloo (1983) ≡ Tylopilus ballouii (Peck) Singer (1947) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503765

56. Strobilomyces confusus Singer, Farlowia 2: 108 (1945) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503912; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506838

57. Sutorius magnificus Hongo, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan: 197 (1983) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503764

58. Sutorius magnificus (W.F. Chiu) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 145 (2016) ≡ Boletus magnificus W.F. Chiu (1948) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503728; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503732; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503738

Sclerodermataceae Corda

59. Scleroderma citrinum Pers., Synopsis methodica fungorum: 153 (1801) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506779; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506782

60. Scleroderma sinnamariense Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 14: 331 (1840) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503754; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506796

Suillaceae (Singer) Besl & Bresinsky

61. Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel, Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composéesuivant la méthode de Jussieu: 34 (1806) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506776; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506789; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506794

62. Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel, Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composéesuivant la méthode de Jussieu: 34 (1821) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503775

Dacrymycetales Lindau

Dacrymycetaceae Bref.

63. Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.) G.W. Martin, Lloydia 11 (2): 116 (1948) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506777; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506840

Gloeophyllales Thorn

Gloeophyllaceae Jülich

Hymenochaetales Oberw.

64. Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst., Bidrag till Kännedomav Finlands Naturoch Folk 37: 79 (1882)

Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503752; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503891; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506831

Hymenochaetaceae Donk

65. Coltricia verrucata Aime, T.W. Henkel & Ryvarden, Mycologia 95 (4): 617 (2003) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503845

66. Coltricia weii Y.C. Dai, Sydowia 62 (1): 16 (2010) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503783

67. Hymenochaete microcycla (Zipp. ex Lév.) Spirin &Miettinen, Fungal Systematics and Evolution 4: 86 (2019) = Hymenochaete porioides T. Wagner & M. Fisch.(2002) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506813

68. Hymenochaete rheicolor (Mont.) Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 151(1846) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503868; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503900

69. Inonotus tricolor (Bres.) Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 45: 290 (2010) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503851; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506807

70. Onnia orientalis (Lloyd) Imazeki, Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 6: 110 (1943) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506775; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506784

71. Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat., Essaitaxonomique sur les familles et les genres des Hyménomycètes: 97 (1900) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503917; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503934; Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506816

72. Piloporia albomarginatus (Zipp. ex Lév.) Núñex, Mycotaxon 68: 288 (1998) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506811

Schizoporaceae Jülich

73. Hyphodontia tropica Sheng H. Wu, Mycotaxon 76: 62 (2000) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503848

Polyporales Gäum.

Fomitopsidaceae Jülich

74. Antrodia ramentacea (Berk. & Broome) Donk, Persoonia 4 (3): 339 (1966) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503888; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503903

75. Bondarcevomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Parmasto, Mycotaxon 70: 222 (1999) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506825

76. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst., Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 6: 9(1881) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503887; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506774; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506781; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506829 Ganodermataceae (Donk) Donk

77. Amauroderma austrosinense J.D. Zhao & L.W. Hsu, Acta mycol. sin.: 20 (1984) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503982; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506812

78. Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 127 (1920) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506823

79. Ganoderma flexipes Pat., Bulletin de la SociétéMycologique de France 23 (1): 75 (1907) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506799

80. Ganoderma lingzhi S.H. Wu, Y. Cao & Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 56 (1): 54 (2012) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503750; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503909

Meruliaceae Rea

81. Hydnophanerochaete odontoidea (Sheng H. Wu) Sheng H. Wu & C.C. Chen, Mycokeys 39:86 (2018) ≡ Phanerochaete odontoidea Sheng H. Wu (2000) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506824

Phanerochaetaceae Jülich

82. Byssomerulius corium (Pers.) Parmasto, Eesti NSV TeadusteAkadeemiaToimetised 16: 383(1967) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503871

83. Climacodon pulcherrimus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nikol., Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae 6(2): 194 (1961) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503863

84. Geliporus exilisporus (Y.C. Dai & Niemelä) Yuan Yuan, Jia J. Chen & S.H. He, Mycoscience 58 (3): 200 (2017) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503844

85. Phanerochaete concrescens V. Spirin & S. Volobuev, Mycological Progress 14 (10/80): 7 (2015) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503867

86. Phlebiopsis castanea (Lloyd) Miettinen &Spirin, Mycokeys 17: 25 (2016) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503895

87. Phlebiopsis crassa (Lév.) Floudas & Hibbett, Fungal Biology 119: 710 (2015) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503866

Polyporaceae Corda

88. Truncospora fuscopurpurea (Pers.) Zmitr., Folia Cryptogamica Petropolitana 6: 76 (2018) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503816; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503930; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506803

89. Polyporus rugulosus Lév., Annls Sci. Nat. 2: 189 (1844) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506819

90. Funalia sanguinaria (Klotzsch) Zmitr. & Malysheva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 47(6): 375 (2013) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503921; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503929

91. Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29: 450 (1902) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503894; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506830

92. Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt., Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien 3-1(4): 493 (1888) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503943

93. Dichomitus squalens(P. Karst.) D.A. Reid, Revista Biol. (Lisbon): 149 (1965) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503736

94. Hapalopilus priscus (T. Niemelä, O. Miettinen, O. Manninen) Melo & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 31: 210 (2014) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506783

95. Megasporia violacea (B.K. Cui & P. Du) B.K. Cui & Hai J. Li, Mycologia 105 (2): 375 (2013) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503849; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506808; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506827

96. Microporus affinis (Blume & T. Nees) Kuntze, Revisio generum plantarum 3 (2): 494 (1898) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503818; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503914; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506801

97. Panus conchatus (Berk.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 14(3): 312 (2012) Specimen examined: Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506817

98. Panus conchatus (Bull.) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 398 (1838) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503781

99. Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr., Systema Mycologicum 1: 342 (1821) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503881; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506806

100. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31 (8): 421 (1904) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503906

101. Ryvardenia campyla (Berk.) Rajchenb., Nordic Journal of Botany 14 (4): 445 (1994) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503898

102. Theleporus rimosus H.S. Yuan, Phytotaxa 213 (1): 52 (2015) Specimen examined: Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506837

103. Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát, Atlas Champ. Eur., Polypor., B: 265 (1939) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503880; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503907

104. Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 237 (1972) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503865; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506786; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506834; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506836

105. Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 237 (1972) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506797; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506820

106. Truncospora macrospora B.K. Cui & C.L. Zhao, Phytotaxa 87: 33 (2013) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503767

107. Crustodontia chrysocreas (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 20: 36 (2005) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503824

Steccherinaceae Parmasto

108. Antella americana (Ryvarden & Gilb.) Miettinen, Annales Botanici Fennici 53: 158 (2016) ≡ Flaviporus americanus (Ryvarden & Gilb.) Ginns (1984) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506792

Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk

Bondarzewiaceae Kotlába & Pouzar

109. Heterobasidion ecrustosum Tokuda, T. Hatt. & Y.C. Dai, Mycoscience 50 (3): 196 (2009) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503759; Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503798

Russulaceae Lotsy

110. Lactarius austrorostratus Wisitr. & Verbeken, Phytotaxa 207 (3): 222 (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506800

111. Lactarius gracilis Hongo, Journal of Japanese Botany 32: 144 (1957) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503793

112. Lactarius hatsudake Nobuj. Tanaka, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo): 393 (1890) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503742

113. Lactarius kesiyae Verbeken & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 207 (3): 229 (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503802; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506788

114. Lactarius oomsisiensis Verbeken & Halling, Australian Systematic Botany 15 (6): 768 (2002) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503786

115. Lactifluus acicularis (Van de Putte & Verbeken) Van de Putte, Mycotaxon 120: 444 (2012) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506773

116. Lactifluus igniculus O. V. Morozova et E. S. Popov, Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 47 (2): 95 (2013) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506805

117. Lactifluus pinguis (Van de Putte & Verbeken) Van de Putte, Mycotaxon 120: 445 (2012) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506785

118. Russula alboareolata Hongo, Memoirs of Shiga University 29: 102 (1979) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503969; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506826

119. Russula pseudocompacta A. Ghosh, K. Das, R.P. Bhatt & Buyck, Cryptogamie Mycologie 38 (4): 534 (2017) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506793

120. Russula senecis S. Imai, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hokkaido Imperial University 43: 344 (1938) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503970

121. Russula vesca Fr., Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar: 51 (1836) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506787

122. Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr., Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar: 50 (1836) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503727

Stereaceae Pilát

123. Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar, Ceská Mykologie 18 (3): 147 (1964) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503826

Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw.

Thelephoraceae Chevall.

124. Thelephora ganbajun M. Zang, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 9 (1): 85 (1987) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503852

DISCUSSION

Our morphological and molecular sequence analyses provide the first large-scale macrofungal diversity assessment for the southern Vietnam region. The territory of southern Vietnam is renowned for its high macrofungal diversity. Previous studies on the macrofungi of Vietnam were only based on simple morphological identification and provided brief checklists. This study is the first published on macrofungal diversity in southern Vietnam based on morphological characteristics and ITS and partial LSU rDNA sequence analyses. Given that fungal diversity from the area is understudied, new species with unusual features remain to be discovered. Therefore, future taxonomic studies based on a molecular analysis with current taxonomic concepts are needed to better understand fungal diversity in this area and to accurately assure identity of the species.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the research projects on overseas biodiversity of the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR201906102) under the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea.

References

1  1. Kiet TT. Preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Vietnam. Feddes Repertorium 1998;109:257-77. 

2  2. Dunga L, Dienb NT, Daic PH, Tuana PN. The first report of Pestalotiopsis sp. causing crown rot disease on strawberries in Dalat. Dalat University Journal of Science 2016;6:364-76. 

3  3. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Luzern: Mykologia; 1984. 

4  4. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 2: Non Gilled Fungi. Luzern: Mykologia; 1986. 

5  5. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 3: Boletes and Agarics (part 1). Luzern: Mykologia; 1991. 

6  6. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 4: Agarics (part 2). Luzern: Mykologia; 1995. 

7  7. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 5: Agarics (part 3). Luzern: Mykologia; 2000. 

8  8. Hongo T, Izawa M. Mushrooms: Yama-Kei field book series 9. Tokyo: Yama-Kei Publishers; 1994. 

9  9. Imazeki R, Otani Y, Hongo T, Izawa M, Mizuno N. Fungi of Japan. Tokyo: Yama-Kei Publishers; 1988. 

10  10. Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 6: Russulacceae. Luzern: Mykologia; 2005. 

11  11. Largent DL, Thiers HD. How to identify mushrooms to genus II: Field identification of genera. Eureka: Mad River Press; 1977. 

12  12.White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, editors. PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. San Diego: Academic Press; 1990. p. 315-22.  

13  13. Vilgalys R, Hester M. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 1990;172:4238-46. 

14  14. Lee JS, Jung HS. Porodisculus orientalis sp. nov. (Schizophyllaceae, Agaricales) from East Asia. Mycotaxon 2008;104:215-22. 

15  15. Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol Biol Evol 2016;33:1870-4. 

16  16. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 1990;215:403-10. 

17  17. Swofford DL. PAUP*4.0: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates; 2003.