INTRODUCTION
Vietnam is located on the eastern Indochinese Peninsula between the latitudes 8° and 24°N and the longitudes 102° and 110°E. The higher plant flora of Vietnam has been well studied. However, fungal diversity in Vietnam is poorly understood compared with that of higher plants. Since 1890, macrofungi have been collected by foreign amateur botanists and have been identified by European scholars, such as Patouillard. Many new species have been recently described in this area; however, these species have not been accepted by scientists. In 1998, a list of 829 species was compiled by Kiet [1]. However, the report is simply a checklist and does not describe where the specimens were deposited. In addition, little is known about the sequence data and morphological descriptions of previously recorded species in Vietnam. However, it is estimated that there are many more fungi in Vietnam compared to other countries. Joint research carried out by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Korea, and the Vietnam Environmental Agency to investigate biodiversity including macrofungi in the Da-Lat region of southern Vietnam has been ongoing since 2018. In this study, we introduce the macrofungal flora of the Da-Lat region of southern Vietnam based on the identification of fungi collected between June 2018 and July 2019.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The survey area was located near Da-Lat City, South Vietnam. Da-Lat is the capital of Lam Dong Province, and is located in the Langbian Plateau, at an altitude of 1,400-1,500 m, at the southern tip of the Annam Mountain Range (Fig. 1). The temperature ranges from 18 to 23℃ year-round. Most of the rain falls in July and October and annual rainfall is 1,750 mm [2]. The wide range of plant communities and the richness of higher plants provide a multitude of ecological niches resulting in similarly high macrofungal diversity.
The fruiting bodies of macrofungi were collected between June 2018 and July 2019. Regular and planned survey trips were conducted, and information on the collecting sites, habitats, hosts, substrates, and fruiting bodies was noted as field records, and photographs were taken to document the survey. All samples were brought to the laboratory, observed morphologically under the microscope, and then dried on a warm dryer (WiseVen, Daihan Scientific, Wonju, Korea). The dried specimens were deposited in the NIBR herbarium and they were initially identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features according to previously published descriptions [3-10]. A total of 468 specimens were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Microstructures, such as the shape and size of spores, basidia and asci, cystidia, as well as tissue status were examined according to the method of Largent [11] using a Nikon eclipse 80i microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Taxonomic classification of species and associated nomenclature were assigned using the Mycobank database (). Genomic DNA was extracted using the NucleoSpin Plant II kit (Macherey-Nagel Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Internal transcsribed spacer (ITS) and partial nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA regions were amplified using primers specific for ITS5 [12] and LR5 [13] as described by Lee and Jung [14]. DNA sequencing was performed at the DNA Synthesis and Sequencing Facility (Cosmogenetech, Seoul, Korea) using the primers mentioned above. The resulting nucleotide sequences were edited using MEGA7 software [15]. Species identities were confirmed by comparison with reference sequences in the GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) [16]. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis was conducted in PAUP 4.0b10 [17] with the Jukes–Cantor correction. All fungal taxa were enumerated and classified according to current taxonomy using a combination of these morphological and phylogenetic analyses.
RESULTS
The ITS and partial LSU rDNA regions were successfully amplified and sequenced using the polymerase chain reaction. In total, 401 of the 468 specimens collected were successfully sequenced and compared with those of related species retrieved from GenBank. The sequence data of specimens were deposited in NIBR database (http://species.nibr.go.kr). A total of 180 specimens were identified at the species level. The sequenced specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 13 orders, 39 families, and 93 genera. The orders with the most species were Polyporales (35 species), Agaricales (38 species), Boletales (16 species), Russuales (15 species), and Hymenocheatales (9 species). However, the identity of 221 specimens, including Russula spp., Cystidiodontia spp., Mycena spp., and Clavulinopsis spp. was not ensured at the species level, as no sequences from the NCBI database were available or no matches were made for the species when blasted against the GenBank database. These specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 13 orders, 41 families, 80 genera, and 175 species (Table 1).
List of macrofungi from southern Vietnam
Ascomycota Caval.-Sm.
Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Helotiales Nannf. ex Korf & Lizon
Helotiaceae Rehm
1. Dicephalospora rufocornea (Berk. & Broome) Spooner, Bibliotheca Mycologica 116: 272 (1987) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503948
Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Hypocreales Lindau
Clavicipitaceae O.E. Erikss.
2. Drechmeria gunnii (Berk.) Spatafora, Kepler & C.A. Quandt, IMA Fungus 6 (2): 358 (2015) ≡ Cordyceps gunnii (Berk.) Berk. (1860) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503773
Xylariales Nannf.
Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul.
3. Xylaria allantoidea (Berk.) Fr., Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Ser. 3, 1:127 (1851) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503939; Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506815
4. Xylaria fraseri M.A. Whalley, Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & Whalley, Mycotaxon 74 (1): 139 (2000) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506809
5. Xylaria penicilliopsis (Henn.) Y.M. Ju, IMA Fungus 7 (1): 141 (2016) = Xylaria moelleroclavus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Hemmes (1997) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503817
6. Xylaria telfairii (Berk.) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 1: 320 (1882) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503925
Basidiomycota Whittaker ex R.T. Moore
Agaricomycetes Doweld
Agaricales Underw.
Agaricaceae Chevall.
7. Nidularia deformis (Wild) Fr., Symb. Gasteromyc. 1: 3 (1817) Specimen examined: Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506814
Amanitaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
8. Amanita subovalispora Thongbai, Raspé & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (3): 488 (2018) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503879
9. Amanita elliptica Q. Cai, Y.Y. Cui & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 91: 142 (2018) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503883
10. Amanita orientifulva Zhu L. Yang, M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycologia 96 (3): 643 (2004) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503974
11. Amanita parvicurta Y.Y. Cui, Q. Cai & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 91: 112 (2018) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506778; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506780
12. Amanita suborientifulva Raspé, Thongbai, & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9 (3): 486 (2018) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503940
Clavariaceae Chevall.
13. Clavaria zollingeri Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 155 (1846) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503928
14. Clavaria fumosa Pers., Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) 15: 31 (1795) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503807
Cortinariaceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
15. Cortinarius brunneoviolaceus Bidaud, Atlas des Cortinaires 8: 291 (1996) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503792
Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouzar
16. Clitopilus prunulus(Scop.) P. Kumm., Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: 97 (1871) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503729
Hydnangiaceae Gäum. & C.W. Dodge
17. Laccaria vinaceoavellanea Hongo, Memoirs of Shiga University 21: 62 (1971) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503973
Hygrophoraceae Lotsy J.P.
18. Cantharellus minor Peck, Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History23: 122 (1872) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506790; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506839
Inocybaceae Jülich
19. Inocybe squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido, Bibliotheca Mycologica 120: 177(1988) Specimen examined: Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506828
Lyophyllaceae Jülich
20. Asterophora lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar, Neues Journal für die Botanik 3 (3-4): 56 (1809) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503777
Mycenaceae Overeem
21. Favolaschia manipularis (Berk.) Teng, Zhong Guo De Zhen Jun [Fungi of China]: 760 (1963) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506798
22. Gerronema kuruvens K.P.D. Latha & Manim., Phytotaxa 364 (1): 84 (2018) Specimen examined: Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506818
23. Panellus luminescens Corner, Gardens Bulletin Singapore 39: 132 (1986) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506810
24. Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst., Bidrag till Kännedomav Finlands Naturoch Folk 32: 96(1879) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503971; Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503799.
25. Xeromphalina enigmatica K.W. Hughes & R.H. Petersen, Mycologia 107 (6): 1280 (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503785
Omphalotaceae Bresinsky
26. Gymnopus brassicolens (Romagn.) Antonín & Noordel., Mycotaxon 63: 363 (1997) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503768; Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503770; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506832; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506833
27. Marasmiellus polygrammus (Mont.) J.S. Oliveira, Mycological Progress 18 (5): 735 (2019) ≡ Gymnopus polygrammus (Mont.) J.L. Mata(2003) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503801
Physalacriaceae Corner
28. Cyptotrama glabra Zhu L. Yang &J. Qin, Fungal Biology 120: 518 (2016) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503835; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506821
29. Hymenopellis raphanipes (Berk.) R.H. Petersen, Beiheftezur Nova Hedwigia 137: 213 (2010) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503856; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503901; Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503952
30. Oudemansiella submucida Corner, Gardens Bulletin Singapore 46 (1): 70 (1994) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503926; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506804
31. Xerula sinopudens R.H. Petersen & Nagas., Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 43: 41(2006) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503794
Pleurotaceae Kühner
32. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél., Mémoires de la Sociétéd' Émulation de Montbéliard ser. 2, 5:113 (1872) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503860
Schizophyllaceae Quél.
33. Schizophyllum commune Fr., Systema Mycologicum 1: 330 (1821) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503872; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506791
Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm.
34. Gymnopilus lepidotus Hesler, Mycologia Memoirs 3: 40 (1969) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503908
35. Gymnopilus picreus (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidrag till Kännedomav Finlands Naturoch Folk 32: 400(1879) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503787
36. Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) Maire, Fungi Catalaunici: Contributions à l'étude de la Flore Mycologique de la Catalogne: 96 (1933) ≡ Gymnopiluspenetrans (Fr.) Murrill (1912) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503780
37. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm., Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: 72 (1871) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503944
38. Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm., Mycologia 38: 505 (1946) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503966
39. Pholiota multicingulata E. Horak, Australian Journal of Botany Suppl. 10: 33 (1983) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503923; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506835
40. Protostropharia ovalispora Yen W. Wang & S.S. Tzean, Taiwania 60 (4): 162 (2015) Specimen examined: Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506841
Tricholomataceae R. Heim ex Pouzar
41. Pleurella ardesiaca (G. Stev. & G.M. Taylor) E. Horak, New Zealand Journal of Botany 9: 477(1971) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506802
42. Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis (S.J. Seok et al.) Zhu L. Yang, J. Qin & Har. Takah., Mycologia 106 (5): 1022 (2014) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503927
43. Tricholomopsis decora (Fr.) Singer, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 17: 56 (1939) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503797
44. Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 5: 1124 (1887) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503875
Auriculariales J. Schröt.
Auriculariaceae Fr. ex Lindau
45. Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak, Looney & Sánchez-García, North American Fungi 8 (6):12 (2013) = Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (1885) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503862
46. Elmerina hispida (Imazeki) Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou, Mycologia 105 (5): 1224 (2013) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503924
Boletales E.-J. Gilbert
Boletaceae Chevall.
47. Austroboletus fusisporus (Kawam. ex Imazeki & Hongo) Wolfe, Bibliotheca Mycologica 69:96 (1980) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506822
48. Boletellus indistinctus G. Wu, F. Li & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 61 (2016) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503744; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506795
49. Boletus tylopilopsis B. Feng, Yang Y. Cui, J. P. Xu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 206(2015) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503735
50. Caloboletus yunnanensis Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang, Mycological Progress 13 (4): 1132(2014) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503731; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503743
51. Chiua virens (W.F. Chiu) Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 79 (2016) ≡ Tylopilus virens (W.F. Chiu) F.L. Tai (1979) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503820
52. Lanmaoa asiatica G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, in Wu, Zhao, Li, Zeng, Feng, Halling & Yang, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0322-0, [9] (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503737; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503739; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503749
53. Leccinum rugosiceps (Peck) Singer, Mycologia 37: 799 (1945) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503725; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503755
54. Phylloporus luxiensis M. Zang, Actamicrobiol. sin.: 283 (1978) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503757
55. Rubinoboletus ballouii (Peck) Heinem. & Rammeloo (1983) ≡ Tylopilus ballouii (Peck) Singer (1947) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503765
56. Strobilomyces confusus Singer, Farlowia 2: 108 (1945) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503912; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506838
57. Sutorius magnificus Hongo, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan: 197 (1983) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503764
58. Sutorius magnificus (W.F. Chiu) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 145 (2016) ≡ Boletus magnificus W.F. Chiu (1948) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503728; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503732; Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503738
Sclerodermataceae Corda
59. Scleroderma citrinum Pers., Synopsis methodica fungorum: 153 (1801) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506779; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506782
60. Scleroderma sinnamariense Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 14: 331 (1840) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503754; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506796
Suillaceae (Singer) Besl & Bresinsky
61. Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel, Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composéesuivant la méthode de Jussieu: 34 (1806) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506776; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506789; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506794
62. Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel, Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composéesuivant la méthode de Jussieu: 34 (1821) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503775
Dacrymycetales Lindau
Dacrymycetaceae Bref.
63. Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.) G.W. Martin, Lloydia 11 (2): 116 (1948) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506777; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506840
Gloeophyllales Thorn
Gloeophyllaceae Jülich
Hymenochaetales Oberw.
64. Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst., Bidrag till Kännedomav Finlands Naturoch Folk 37: 79 (1882)
Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503752; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503891; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506831Hymenochaetaceae Donk
65. Coltricia verrucata Aime, T.W. Henkel & Ryvarden, Mycologia 95 (4): 617 (2003) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503845
66. Coltricia weii Y.C. Dai, Sydowia 62 (1): 16 (2010) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503783
67. Hymenochaete microcycla (Zipp. ex Lév.) Spirin &Miettinen, Fungal Systematics and Evolution 4: 86 (2019) = Hymenochaete porioides T. Wagner & M. Fisch.(2002) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506813
68. Hymenochaete rheicolor (Mont.) Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 151(1846) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503868; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503900
69. Inonotus tricolor (Bres.) Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 45: 290 (2010) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503851; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506807
70. Onnia orientalis (Lloyd) Imazeki, Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 6: 110 (1943) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506775; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506784
71. Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat., Essaitaxonomique sur les familles et les genres des Hyménomycètes: 97 (1900) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503917; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503934; Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506816
72. Piloporia albomarginatus (Zipp. ex Lév.) Núñex, Mycotaxon 68: 288 (1998) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506811
Schizoporaceae Jülich
73. Hyphodontia tropica Sheng H. Wu, Mycotaxon 76: 62 (2000) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503848
Polyporales Gäum.
Fomitopsidaceae Jülich
74. Antrodia ramentacea (Berk. & Broome) Donk, Persoonia 4 (3): 339 (1966) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503888; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503903
75. Bondarcevomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Parmasto, Mycotaxon 70: 222 (1999) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506825
76. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst., Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 6: 9(1881) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503887; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506774; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506781; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506829 Ganodermataceae (Donk) Donk
77. Amauroderma austrosinense J.D. Zhao & L.W. Hsu, Acta mycol. sin.: 20 (1984) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503982; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506812
78. Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 127 (1920) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506823
79. Ganoderma flexipes Pat., Bulletin de la SociétéMycologique de France 23 (1): 75 (1907) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506799
80. Ganoderma lingzhi S.H. Wu, Y. Cao & Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 56 (1): 54 (2012) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503750; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503909
Meruliaceae Rea
81. Hydnophanerochaete odontoidea (Sheng H. Wu) Sheng H. Wu & C.C. Chen, Mycokeys 39:86 (2018) ≡ Phanerochaete odontoidea Sheng H. Wu (2000) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506824
Phanerochaetaceae Jülich
82. Byssomerulius corium (Pers.) Parmasto, Eesti NSV TeadusteAkadeemiaToimetised 16: 383(1967) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503871
83. Climacodon pulcherrimus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nikol., Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae 6(2): 194 (1961) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503863
84. Geliporus exilisporus (Y.C. Dai & Niemelä) Yuan Yuan, Jia J. Chen & S.H. He, Mycoscience 58 (3): 200 (2017) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503844
85. Phanerochaete concrescens V. Spirin & S. Volobuev, Mycological Progress 14 (10/80): 7 (2015) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503867
86. Phlebiopsis castanea (Lloyd) Miettinen &Spirin, Mycokeys 17: 25 (2016) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503895
87. Phlebiopsis crassa (Lév.) Floudas & Hibbett, Fungal Biology 119: 710 (2015) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503866
Polyporaceae Corda
88. Truncospora fuscopurpurea (Pers.) Zmitr., Folia Cryptogamica Petropolitana 6: 76 (2018) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503816; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503930; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506803
89. Polyporus rugulosus Lév., Annls Sci. Nat. 2: 189 (1844) Specimen examined: Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506819
90. Funalia sanguinaria (Klotzsch) Zmitr. & Malysheva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 47(6): 375 (2013) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503921; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503929
91. Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29: 450 (1902) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503894; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506830
92. Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt., Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien 3-1(4): 493 (1888) Specimen examined: Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503943
93. Dichomitus squalens(P. Karst.) D.A. Reid, Revista Biol. (Lisbon): 149 (1965) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503736
94. Hapalopilus priscus (T. Niemelä, O. Miettinen, O. Manninen) Melo & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 31: 210 (2014) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506783
95. Megasporia violacea (B.K. Cui & P. Du) B.K. Cui & Hai J. Li, Mycologia 105 (2): 375 (2013) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503849; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506808; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506827
96. Microporus affinis (Blume & T. Nees) Kuntze, Revisio generum plantarum 3 (2): 494 (1898) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503818; Oct 22 2018, NIBRFG0000503914; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506801
97. Panus conchatus (Berk.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 14(3): 312 (2012) Specimen examined: Jul 01 2019, NIBRFG0000506817
98. Panus conchatus (Bull.) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 398 (1838) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503781
99. Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr., Systema Mycologicum 1: 342 (1821) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503881; Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506806
100. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31 (8): 421 (1904) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503906
101. Ryvardenia campyla (Berk.) Rajchenb., Nordic Journal of Botany 14 (4): 445 (1994) Specimen examined: Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503898
102. Theleporus rimosus H.S. Yuan, Phytotaxa 213 (1): 52 (2015) Specimen examined: Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506837
103. Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát, Atlas Champ. Eur., Polypor., B: 265 (1939) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503880; Oct 21 2018, NIBRFG0000503907
104. Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 237 (1972) Specimen examined: Oct 20 2018, NIBRFG0000503865; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506786; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506834; Jul 03 2019, NIBRFG0000506836
105. Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 237 (1972) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506797; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506820
106. Truncospora macrospora B.K. Cui & C.L. Zhao, Phytotaxa 87: 33 (2013) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503767
107. Crustodontia chrysocreas (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 20: 36 (2005) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503824
Steccherinaceae Parmasto
108. Antella americana (Ryvarden & Gilb.) Miettinen, Annales Botanici Fennici 53: 158 (2016) ≡ Flaviporus americanus (Ryvarden & Gilb.) Ginns (1984) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506792
Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk
Bondarzewiaceae Kotlába & Pouzar
109. Heterobasidion ecrustosum Tokuda, T. Hatt. & Y.C. Dai, Mycoscience 50 (3): 196 (2009) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503759; Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503798
Russulaceae Lotsy
110. Lactarius austrorostratus Wisitr. & Verbeken, Phytotaxa 207 (3): 222 (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506800
111. Lactarius gracilis Hongo, Journal of Japanese Botany 32: 144 (1957) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503793
112. Lactarius hatsudake Nobuj. Tanaka, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo): 393 (1890) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503742
113. Lactarius kesiyae Verbeken & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 207 (3): 229 (2015) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503802; Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506788
114. Lactarius oomsisiensis Verbeken & Halling, Australian Systematic Botany 15 (6): 768 (2002) Specimen examined: Jun 17 2018, NIBRFG0000503786
115. Lactifluus acicularis (Van de Putte & Verbeken) Van de Putte, Mycotaxon 120: 444 (2012) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506773
116. Lactifluus igniculus O. V. Morozova et E. S. Popov, Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 47 (2): 95 (2013) Specimen examined: Jun 30 2019, NIBRFG0000506805
117. Lactifluus pinguis (Van de Putte & Verbeken) Van de Putte, Mycotaxon 120: 445 (2012) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506785
118. Russula alboareolata Hongo, Memoirs of Shiga University 29: 102 (1979) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503969; Jul 02 2019, NIBRFG0000506826
119. Russula pseudocompacta A. Ghosh, K. Das, R.P. Bhatt & Buyck, Cryptogamie Mycologie 38 (4): 534 (2017) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506793
120. Russula senecis S. Imai, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hokkaido Imperial University 43: 344 (1938) Specimen examined: Oct 23 2018, NIBRFG0000503970
121. Russula vesca Fr., Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar: 51 (1836) Specimen examined: Jun 29 2019, NIBRFG0000506787
122. Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr., Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar: 50 (1836) Specimen examined: Jun 16 2018, NIBRFG0000503727
Stereaceae Pilát
123. Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar, Ceská Mykologie 18 (3): 147 (1964) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503826
Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw.
Thelephoraceae Chevall.
124. Thelephora ganbajun M. Zang, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 9 (1): 85 (1987) Specimen examined: Jun 19 2018, NIBRFG0000503852
DISCUSSION
Our morphological and molecular sequence analyses provide the first large-scale macrofungal diversity assessment for the southern Vietnam region. The territory of southern Vietnam is renowned for its high macrofungal diversity. Previous studies on the macrofungi of Vietnam were only based on simple morphological identification and provided brief checklists. This study is the first published on macrofungal diversity in southern Vietnam based on morphological characteristics and ITS and partial LSU rDNA sequence analyses. Given that fungal diversity from the area is understudied, new species with unusual features remain to be discovered. Therefore, future taxonomic studies based on a molecular analysis with current taxonomic concepts are needed to better understand fungal diversity in this area and to accurately assure identity of the species.